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Affective Computing
Abstract
We seem to be entering an era of enhanced digital connectivity. Computers and Internet have become so embedded in the daily fabric of people’s lives that people simply cannot live without them (Hoffman, Novak, & Venkatesh, 2004). We use this technology to work, to communicate, to shop, to seek out new information, and to entertain ourselves. With this ever-increasing diffusion of computers in society, human–computer interaction (HCI) is becoming increasingly essential to our daily lives. HCI design was first dominated by direct manipulation and then delegation. The tacit assumption of both styles of interaction has been that the human will be explicit, unambiguous, and fully attentive while controlling the information and command flow. Boredom, preoccupation, and stress are unthinkable even though they are “very human” behaviors. This insensitivity of current HCI designs is fine for well-codified tasks. It works for making plane reservations, buying and selling stocks, and, as a matter of fact, almost everything we do with computers today. But this kind of categorical computing is inappropriate for design, debate, and deliberation. In fact, it is the major impediment to having flexible machines capable of adapting to their users and their level of attention, preferences, moods, and intentions. The ability to detect and understand affective states of a person we are communicating with is the core of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence (EQ) is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and even the most important for a successful social life (Goleman, 1995). When it comes to computers, however, not all of them will need emotional intelligence and none will need all of the related skills that we need. Yet human–machine interactive systems capable of sensing stress, inattention, and heedfulness, and capable of adapting and responding appropriately to these affective states of the user are likely to be perceived as more natural, more efficacious, and more trustworthy. The research area of machine analysis of human affective states and employment of this information to build more natural, flexible (affective) HCI goes by a general name of affective computing, introduced first by Picard (1997).
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