Reflective Ba and Refractive Ma in Cross-Cultural Learning

$Reflective Ba and Refractive Ma in Cross-Cultural Learning$

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Author(s): Tunç D. Medeni (Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan), Shunji Iwatsuki (Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan)and Steven A. Cook (Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan)
Copyright: 2008
Pages: 10
Source title: Encyclopedia of Networked and Virtual Organizations
Source Author(s)/Editor(s): Goran D. Putnik (University of Minho, Portugal)and Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha (Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave, Portugal)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59904-885-7.ch178

Keywords: Information Science Reference / Media & Communications / Social Computing / Virtual Communities & Virtual Reality

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Abstract

It is important to underline that learning and knowledge are relative in terms of space and time (Medeni, 2005). This notion of relativity and the inter-linkage of time and space is furthered by Costea,1 in his discussion of “time and the conceptual problems of the temporal dimension of business education discourse.” In conclusion, Costea’s analysis shows that: with regard to the problem of time, management education discourses originate in a paradigmatic framework which leads to the assimilation of human practices in the overall economic-functionalist view of human beings and of the world as space for history. Thus, time itself is rendered into a homogenous resource to be managed according to the agenda of the corporate organisation as main unit of analysis. The role of human beings involved in this process is to merely synchronize their actions and make more efficient use of time as an economic resource. (p. 38)

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Reflective Ba and Refractive Ma in Cross-Cultural Learning

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