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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): An Overview
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of the childhood which is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) have established and revised the guidelines defining the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. This chapter focused on the diagnostic criteria for ADHD given by the ICD and DSM, and also compared the two. Children are mostly very energetic and active and hence it becomes difficult to decide if the level of activity is to be considered normal or should be taken as an indication of an ADHD symptom. Hence even when the symptoms of ADHD are observable, they require a proper assessment to reach to a diagnostic conclusion and hence diagnostic tools for assessing ADHD were also discussed in the chapter. A brief account of the disorders associated with ADHD was mentioned with an emphasis on how these symptoms would affect the academic, emotional and social areas of lives of the children. Different etiological factors including biological factors, brain anatomy, environmental factors, food /diet were discussed along with the pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological management of ADHD. Pharmacological management included brief discussion about stimulant as well as non-stimulant drugs. On the other hand, non-pharmacological treatment included behavioral interventions, neurofeedback, exercise, family therapy, social skill training and parent training.
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