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Microbial Enzymes and Their Mechanisms in the Bioremediation of Pollutants
Abstract
Bioremediation is the process, with the help of microbes or their enzymes, to remove the pollutants present in the environment and change them into non-toxic compounds. Microbial enzymes have a wide range of metabolic activities and are involved in the transformation of pollutants. Enzymes like oxidoreductase, hydrolases, monooxygenase, dioxygenase, methyltransferases, and lipases are involved in the degradation process. Oxidoreductase catalyzes the transfer of electron and proton from the reduced organic substrate to another chemical compound from donor to acceptor. Monooxygenase and dioxygenases are the transferring oxygen from molecular oxygen (O2) utilizing FAD/NADH/NADPH as a co-substrate in this process. Lyases catalyze the cleavage of the bonds by elimination, leaving double bonds. Peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of lignin and other phenolic compounds at the expense of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of a mediator. Lipases also involve catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to glycerol and free fatty acids.
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