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Utility, Duty, Morality, and Justice
Abstract
Utility is the theory of the greatest happiness to as many people as possible. The end justifies the means where consequences matter and what makes the action moral is the result. Duty deontology implies that we are doing a good job as long as we are following the rules even if it is against our will. It is our duty, our obligation, even sometimes leading to pain. All actions and decisions should be of a good will regardless of the results. On the other hand, moral virtue is acquired by habit and does not come by nature. Virtue represents the mean between extremes. Therefore, moral virtue has to do with feelings followed by actions, where the mean is not always the middle of two opposite extremes. This chapter explores utility, duty, morality, and justice as philosophical foundations of moral imagination in ethical decision making.
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